A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

Fish scales (FSs) are fishery wastes that can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to solve this problem. FSs were used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, making them valuable. combined with commercial retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), through synergistic effects reduce the amount of retardant. The use conforms concept circular economy and lowers costs by reducing consumption APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy determine thermal properties, mechanism, char morphology, composition composites. TGA results indicated addition 40% raised residue from 16.45 wt.% (pure EP) 36.07 wt.%; IPDT 685.6 °C 1143.1°C; LOI 21% 30%; UL94 classification fail V-0. These suggest an increase in residue, which indicates better protection matrix material. improvements IPDT, LOI, classification, indicate greater stability, lower (from flammable fireproof), higher rating V-0), respectively, composite material has favorable properties is less inflammable.